双链DNA断裂（DSB）是一种DNA损伤的形式，可导致异常染色体重排。基于高吞吐量实验的最近技术具有明显的高成本和技术挑战。因此，我们设计了一种基于图形的神经网络的方法来预测DSB（GraphDSB），使用DNA序列特征和染色体结构信息。为了提高模型的表达能力，我们引入跳跃知识架构和几种有效的结构编码方法。结构信息对DSB预测的贡献是通过来自正常人体表皮角蛋白细胞（NHEK）和慢性髓性白血病细胞系（K562）的数据集的实验验证，并且消融研究进一步证明了所提出的设计部件的有效性GraphDSB框架。最后，我们使用GNNExplainer分析节点特征和拓扑到DSB预测的贡献，并证明了5-MER DNA序列特征和两种染色质相互作用模式的高贡献。

精确和实时轨道车辆本地化以及铁路环境监测对于铁路安全至关重要。在这封信中，我们提出了一种基于多激光器的同时定位和映射（SLAM）系统，用于铁路应用。我们的方法从测量开始预处理，以便去噪并同步多个LIDAR输入。根据LIDAR放置使用不同的帧到框架注册方法。此外，我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道的平面约束来提高系统精度。本地地图进一步与利用绝对位置测量的全局地图对齐。考虑到不可避免的金属磨损和螺杆松动，在手术期间唤醒了在线外在细化。在收集3000公里的数据集上广泛验证了所提出的方法。结果表明，所提出的系统与大规模环境的有效映射一起实现了精确且稳健的本地化。我们的系统已应用于运费交通铁路以监控任务。

在本文中，我们介绍了全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）辅助激光乐队 - 视觉惯性方案RAILTOMER-V，用于准确且坚固的铁路车辆本地化和映射。 Raillomer-V在因子图上制定，由两个子系统组成：辅助LiDar惯性系统（OLIS）和距离的内径综合视觉惯性系统（OVI）。两个子系统都利用了铁路上的典型几何结构。提取的轨道轨道的平面约束用于补充OLI中的旋转和垂直误差。此外，线特征和消失点被利用以限制卵巢中的旋转漂移。拟议的框架在800公里的数据集中广泛评估，聚集在一年以上的一般速度和高速铁路，日夜。利用各个传感器的所有测量的紧密耦合集成，我们的框架准确到了长期的任务，并且足够强大地避免了退行的情景（铁路隧道）。此外，可以使用车载计算机实现实时性能。

我们在本文中介绍Raillomer，实现实时准确和鲁棒的内径测量和轨道车辆的测绘。 Raillomer从两个Lidars，IMU，火车车程和全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器接收测量。作为前端，来自IMU / Royomer缩放组的估计动作De-Skews DeSoised Point云并为框架到框架激光轨道测量产生初始猜测。作为后端，配制了基于滑动窗口的因子图以共同优化多模态信息。另外，我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道和结构外观描述符的平面约束，以进一步改善对重复结构的系统鲁棒性。为了确保全局常见和更少的模糊映射结果，我们开发了一种两级映射方法，首先以本地刻度执行扫描到地图，然后利用GNSS信息来注册模块。该方法在聚集的数据集上广泛评估了多次范围内的数据集，并且表明Raillomer即使在大或退化的环境中也能提供排入量级定位精度。我们还将Raillomer集成到互动列车状态和铁路监控系统原型设计中，已经部署到实验货量交通铁路。

我们提出了一种准确而坚固的多模态传感器融合框架，Metroloc，朝着最极端的场景之一，大规模地铁车辆本地化和映射。 Metroloc在以IMU为中心的状态估计器上构建，以较轻耦合的方法紧密地耦合光检测和测距（LIDAR），视觉和惯性信息。所提出的框架由三个子模块组成：IMU Odometry，LiDar - 惯性内径术（LIO）和视觉惯性内径（VIO）。 IMU被视为主要传感器，从LIO和VIO实现了从LIO和VIO的观察，以限制加速度计和陀螺仪偏差。与以前的点LIO方法相比，我们的方法通过将线路和平面特征引入运动估计来利用更多几何信息。 VIO还通过使用两条线和点来利用环境结构信息。我们所提出的方法在具有维护车辆的长期地铁环境中广泛测试。实验结果表明，该系统比使用实时性能的最先进的方法更准确和强大。此外，我们开发了一系列虚拟现实（VR）应用，以实现高效，经济，互动的轨道车辆状态和轨道基础设施监控，已经部署到室外测试铁路。

Benefiting from the intrinsic supervision information exploitation capability, contrastive learning has achieved promising performance in the field of deep graph clustering recently. However, we observe that two drawbacks of the positive and negative sample construction mechanisms limit the performance of existing algorithms from further improvement. 1) The quality of positive samples heavily depends on the carefully designed data augmentations, while inappropriate data augmentations would easily lead to the semantic drift and indiscriminative positive samples. 2) The constructed negative samples are not reliable for ignoring important clustering information. To solve these problems, we propose a Cluster-guided Contrastive deep Graph Clustering network (CCGC) by mining the intrinsic supervision information in the high-confidence clustering results. Specifically, instead of conducting complex node or edge perturbation, we construct two views of the graph by designing special Siamese encoders whose weights are not shared between the sibling sub-networks. Then, guided by the high-confidence clustering information, we carefully select and construct the positive samples from the same high-confidence cluster in two views. Moreover, to construct semantic meaningful negative sample pairs, we regard the centers of different high-confidence clusters as negative samples, thus improving the discriminative capability and reliability of the constructed sample pairs. Lastly, we design an objective function to pull close the samples from the same cluster while pushing away those from other clusters by maximizing and minimizing the cross-view cosine similarity between positive and negative samples. Extensive experimental results on six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of CCGC compared with the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.

Recent studies have shown that using an external Language Model (LM) benefits the end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). However, predicting tokens that appear less frequently in the training set is still quite challenging. The long-tail prediction problems have been widely studied in many applications, but only been addressed by a few studies for ASR and LMs. In this paper, we propose a new memory augmented lookup dictionary based Transformer architecture for LM. The newly introduced lookup dictionary incorporates rich contextual information in training set, which is vital to correctly predict long-tail tokens. With intensive experiments on Chinese and English data sets, our proposed method is proved to outperform the baseline Transformer LM by a great margin on both word/character error rate and tail tokens error rate. This is achieved without impact on the decoding efficiency. Overall, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in boosting the ASR decoding performance, especially for long-tail tokens.

With the development of natural language processing techniques(NLP), automatic diagnosis of eye diseases using ophthalmology electronic medical records (OEMR) has become possible. It aims to evaluate the condition of both eyes of a patient respectively, and we formulate it as a particular multi-label classification task in this paper. Although there are a few related studies in other diseases, automatic diagnosis of eye diseases exhibits unique characteristics. First, descriptions of both eyes are mixed up in OEMR documents, with both free text and templated asymptomatic descriptions, resulting in sparsity and clutter of information. Second, OEMR documents contain multiple parts of descriptions and have long document lengths. Third, it is critical to provide explainability to the disease diagnosis model. To overcome those challenges, we present an effective automatic eye disease diagnosis framework, NEEDED. In this framework, a preprocessing module is integrated to improve the density and quality of information. Then, we design a hierarchical transformer structure for learning the contextualized representations of each sentence in the OEMR document. For the diagnosis part, we propose an attention-based predictor that enables traceable diagnosis by obtaining disease-specific information. Experiments on the real dataset and comparison with several baseline models show the advantage and explainability of our framework.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

Pre-trained language models (LMs) store knowledge in their parameters and can generate informative responses when used in conversational systems. However, LMs suffer from the problem of "hallucination:" they may generate plausible-looking statements that are irrelevant or factually incorrect. To address this problem, we propose a contrastive learning scheme, named MixCL. A novel mixed contrastive objective is proposed to explicitly optimize the implicit knowledge elicitation process of LMs, and thus reduce their hallucination in conversations. We also examine negative sampling strategies of retrieved hard negatives and model-generated negatives. We conduct experiments on Wizard-of-Wikipedia, a public, open-domain knowledge-grounded dialogue benchmark, and assess the effectiveness of MixCL. MixCL effectively reduces the hallucination of LMs in conversations and achieves the highest performance among LM-based dialogue agents in terms of relevancy and factuality. We show that MixCL achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art KB-based approaches while enjoying notable advantages in terms of efficiency and scalability.